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The Lipka Rebellion was a 1672 mutiny of several cavalry ''chorągwie'' (regiments) of Lipka Tatars, serving in the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since the 14th century. The immediate cause of the rebellion was overdue pay, although increasing restrictions on their established privileges and religious freedoms also played a role.〔http://zahid.fm.interia.pl/, "Tatarzy Polscy" (Polish Tatars), () (PDF)〕〔Polska Akademia Nauk (Polish Academy of Sciences), "Tatarzy w Służbie Rzeczypospolitej" (Tatars in the service of the Commonwealth) in "Czasopismo prawno-historyczne", Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1987, v. 39, pg. 49 ()〕〔("Bunt Lipków: The Lipka Rebellion of 1672" )〕 ==Background== The Lipka Tatars were a group of Tatars who settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were given noble status and fought on the Polish–Lithuanian side in the Battle of Grunwald.〔Daniel Stone, "The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795", University of Washington Press, 2001, pgs. 14, 211, 232 (), (), ()〕 They formed a military caste within the Commonwealth, while retaining their Sunni religion and Tatar traditions.〔 Prior to this incident the Lipka Tatars had dutifully served the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and were considered to be some of its best and most loyal soldiers. At the beginning of sixteenth century, emissaries of the Crimean Khanate tried to persuade them to betray the Commonwealth and received the reply: Subsequently the Lipkas fought on the Polish–Lithuanian side against the Ottomans and the Crimean Khanate at Battle of Cecora, the first Battle of Chocim and against the forces of Mehmed Abazy Pasha in the Polish–Ottoman War of 1633.〔Piotr Borawski, "Tatarzy w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej" (Tatars in the old Commonwealth), Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1986, pg. 316, ()〕 However, the situation of the Tatars within the Commonwealth worsened in the second half of the 17th century. The Chmielnicki Uprising and the Russian invasion of Lithuania destroyed much of the basis of Tatar livelihood. At the same time, in its wars against various invaders, the Commonwealth employed many foreign, non Lipka Tatar mercenaries, who often, in situations of chaos and lax discipline, pillaged local farms and landholdings. This, combined with the growing effects of the Counter-Reformation and the associated decrease in traditional religious freedom in the Commonwealth,〔Z. Abrahamowicz and J. Reychmann, "The origins and history of the Lipka Tatars", Extract from the ''Online Encyclopaedia of Islam'' published by Brill Academic Publishing, from (), accessed on 4/27/09〕 led the Polish szlachta〔Many of the Lipkas were themselves part of the szlachta, however, they were not numerous relative to non-Tatar szlachta〕 to increasingly view all Tatars, including the Lipkas, with hostility. This culminated in passage of several laws in 1667 which rescinded Tatar privileges and restricted their religious freedoms. In particular, the new laws limited the promotion of Tatars to posts of military command and also forbid the construction of new mosques within the Ruthenian voivodeships (in Ukraine) of the Commonwealth. Finally, the Sejm decided that only the fourth of the wages owed to the Tatar soldiers were to be paid out (this also applied to Wallachian units). Simmering unrest among the Lipkas led the Polish King Jan Kazimierz in 1668, shortly before his abdication, to rescind the laws.〔Jan Kazimierz in fact extended the Tatar privileges from Tatar nobility to ordinary Tatars〕 But the insult had been made, and crucially, the wages were never paid out as promised. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lipka Rebellion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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